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Latest Action: 01/31/2007 - Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (consideration: CR S1466 text as passed Senate: CR S1466 text of measure as introduced: CR S1462-1463) Bill TextA resolution designating January 2007 as "National Mentoring Month". 1/31/2007--Passed Senate without amendment. (There is 1 other summary) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Designates January 2007 as National Mentoring Month. Praises those who are already serving as mentors. Encourages others to volunteer as mentors.
Also tagged in: Academic performance, Budgets, Charter schools, Collective bargaining, Community and school, Continuing education, Data banks, Disabled, Dropouts, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Educational accountability, Educational innovations, Educational tests, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Executive departments, Federal advisory bodies, Federal aid to education, Government information, Government paperwork, Higher education, Identification devices, Job training, Labor, Labor unions, Mathematics, Minorities, Minority education, Nonprofit organizations, Rating of teachers, Reading, Recruiting of employees, Scholarships, School administration, School districts, School personnel, Science policy, Scientific education, Secondary education, Social services, Special education, Student records, Teacher education, Teacher salaries, Teacher supply and demand, Teachers, Technology, Welfare
Latest Action: 01/04/2007 - Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Bill TextA bill to authorize resources for a grant program for local educational agencies to create innovation districts. 1/4/2007--Introduced. Innovation Districts for School Improvement Act - Directs the Secretary of Education to award competitive grants to 10 urban and 10 non-urban local educational agencies (LEAs) for the creation of innovation districts. Requires the LEAs to: (1) establish tests and longitudinal data systems to track the academic progress of each elementary and secondary school student and use such performance measures in evaluating and awarding school personnel and programs; (2) work with teacher representatives and other community partners to attain the administrative flexibility to staff more equitably all agency schools with effective personnel; (3) evaluate and award effective teachers on the basis of student progress and observations of teacher performance; (4) provide grants to recent college graduates and mid-career professionals to attend LEA-established [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Apprenticeship, Bank management, Black colleges, Business, Business education, Community and school, Corporate management, Education, Elementary and secondary education, Finance, Financial institutions, Financial services, Graduate education, Higher education, Job training, Labor, Minorities in government, Minority business enterprises, Minority education, Minority employment, Pension funds, Pensions, Recruiting of employees, Secondary education, Summer employment, Women, Women in business, Women in government, Women's education, Women's employment
Latest Action: 09/25/2007 - Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Bill TextRecognizing the low presence of minorities in the financial services industry and minorities and women in upper level positions of management, and expressing the sense of the Congress that active measures should be taken to increase the demographic diversity of the financial services industry. 9/24/2007--Passed House amended. (There are 2 other summaries) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The expanded summary of the House reported version is repeated here.) Financial Services Diversity Initiative - Recognizes that minorities and women still face unique challenges entering into and obtaining upper level positions within the financial services industry. Encourages financial institutions to partner with organizations focused on developing opportunities for minorities and women to place talented young minorities and women in industry internships, summer employment, and full-time positions.Encourages [...] show full description
Latest Action: 01/22/2007 - DEBATE - The House proceeded with forty minutes of debate on H. Res. 29. Bill TextSupporting the goals and ideals of National Mentoring Month 2007. 1/22/2007--Passed House without amendment. (There is 1 other summary) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Expresses support for the goals and ideals of National Mentoring Month (January 2007).
Also tagged in: Academic performance, Authorization, Budgets, Business, College teachers, Community and school, Computers, Congressional reporting requirements, Continuing education, Curricula, Data banks, Department of Energy, Disabled, Distance education, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Educational accountability, Educational technology, Educational tests, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Engineering, Engineers, Executive departments, Federal advisory bodies, Federal aid to education, Gifts, Government information, Government publicity, Graduate education, Higher education, Industry-university relations, Labor, Laboratories, Law, Licenses, Mathematics, Minorities, Minority education, National Science Foundation, Nonprofit organizations, Paraprofessional school personnel, Performance measurement, Recruiting of employees, Scholarships, Science policy, Scientific education, Scientific instruments and apparatus, Scientists, Secondary education, Social services, Special education, Teacher education, Teacher supply and demand, Teaching, Teaching materials, Technical education, Technology, Telecommunication, Welfare, Women, Women's education
Latest Action: 05/06/2008 - Hearing Held by Subcommittee on Research and Science Education Prior to Inroduction and Referral (March 8, 2007). Bill TextTo authorize science scholarships for educating mathematics and science teachers, and for other purposes. 4/24/2007--Passed House amended. (There are 2 other summaries) Title I: Science Scholarships - 10,000 Teachers, 10 Million Minds Science and Math Scholarship Act - (Sec. 103) Requires the National Science Foundation (NSF), in carrying out the Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship program (formerly, the Robert Noyce Scholarship program), to increase the number of elementary and secondary mathematics and science teachers having both exemplary subject knowledge and pedagogical skills by up to 10,000 per year. (Sec. 104) Amends the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 2002 (the Act) to revise requirements for the Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship program, which provides scholarships, stipends, and teacher training to science, mathematics, and engineering students and professionals in exchange for service as elementary or secondary [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Academic performance, Adoption, Alcohol and youth, Budgets, Child abuse, Child development, Child welfare, Children, Church and social problems, Community organization, Congressional reporting requirements, Criminal justice, Criminal justice information, Dropouts, Drug abuse, Drugs and youth, Education, Elementary and secondary education, Evaluation research (Social action programs), Families, Family violence, Federal aid to education, Federally-guaranteed loans, Finance, Foster home care, Government information, Government lending, Government paperwork, Graduate education, Higher education, Homeless, Identification of criminals, Indian children, Indians, Information services, Internet, Job training, Juvenile delinquency, Minorities, Religion, Scholarships, Secondary education, Social services, State and local government, Student loan funds, Technology, Teenage pregnancy, Telecommunication, Telephone, Volunteer workers, Web sites, Welfare, Youth services
Latest Action: 01/24/2007 - Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance. Bill TextA bill to support the establishment or expansion and operation of programs using a network of public and private community entities to provide mentoring for children in foster care. 1/24/2007--Introduced. Foster Care Mentoring Act of 2007 - Amends title IV part B (Child-Welfare Services) of the Social Security Act to direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to award grants to states to support the establishment or expansion and operation of programs using networks of public and private community entities to provide mentoring for children in foster care. Authorizes a grant award directly to a political subdivision if the subdivision serves a substantial number of foster care youth. Prescribes program implementation guidelines, including: (1) application requirements; (2) training; (3) screening; (4) educational requirements; (5) federal and nonfederal share of funds for the program; (6) considerations in awarding grants; and (7) use of funds. Sets forth a [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Access to health care, Authorization, Budgets, Building construction, Community health services, Construction costs, Curricula, Department of Health and Human Services, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Executive departments, Federal aid to education, Federal aid to health facilities, Health policy, Higher education, Labor, Leases, Maintenance and repair, Medical care, Medical education, Medical instruments and apparatus, Medical personnel, Medical residents, Medical supplies, Medicine, Minorities, Minorities in medicine, Minority education, Physicians, Public health personnel, Recruiting of employees, Scholarships, Student loan funds, Welfare
Latest Action: 02/02/2007 - Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. Bill TextTo amend the Public Health Service Act to increase the number of primary care physicians serving health professional shortage areas, and for other purposes. 1/11/2007--Introduced. United States Physician Shortage Elimination Act of 2007 - Amends the Public Health Service Act to authorize appropriations for FY2007-FY2011 to: (1) carry out the National Health Service Corps Scholarship Program and Loan Repayment Program to assure an adequate supply of physicians and other health professionals to provide primary health services; (2) assist schools in supporting programs of excellence in health professionals education for underrepresented minority individuals; and (3) assist individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds to undertake education to enter a health profession. Allows the Secretary of Health and Human Services to make grants to community health centers to: (1) establish new or alternative-campus accredited medical residency training programs affiliated with a hospital [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Authorization, Budgets, Building construction, Community and school, Curricula, Department of Education, Distance education, Dropouts, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Educational technology, Executive departments, Federal aid to education, Graduate education, Higher education, Hispanic Americans, Internet, Junior colleges, Laboratories, Minorities, Minority education, Scholarships, School buildings, School libraries, Science policy, Scientific education, Scientific instruments and apparatus, Teacher education, Teaching materials, Technology, Telecommunication, Welfare
Latest Action: 05/09/2007 - Referred to the Subcommittee on Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness. Bill TextTo expand and enhance post-baccalaureate opportunities at Hispanic-Serving Institutions, and for other purposes. 1/12/2007--Introduced. Next Generation Hispanic-Serving Institutions Act - Amends the Higher Education Act of 1965 to revise requirements for Hispanic-serving institutions (HSIs) under title V (Developing Institutions). Establishes a program of competitive grants to eligible HSIs that offer postbaccalaureate certifications or degrees (part B grants). Limits a part B grant award's duration to not more than five years. Prohibits the Secretary of Education from awarding more than one part B grant to an HSI in any one fiscal year. Authorizes appropriations for: (1) the current part A program of grants to HSIs that offer baccalaureate degrees or are junior or community colleges; and (2) the new part B program of grants to HSIs that offer postbaccalaureate certifications or degrees.
Latest Action: 01/25/2008 - Sponsor introductory remarks on measure. (CR S332) Bill TextA resolution designating January 2008 as "National Mentoring Month". 1/25/2008--Introduced. Designates January 2008 as National Mentoring Month. Praises those who are already serving as mentors. Encourages others to volunteer as mentors.
Also tagged in: College entrance requirements, Colleges, Community colleges, Compensatory education, Counseling, Curricula, Education, Educational counseling, Higher education, Job training, Social services, Student enrollment, Technical education
Latest Action: 05/18/2007 - Referred to the Subcommittee on Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness. Bill TextTo encourage partnerships between community colleges and four-year colleges and universities. 1/19/2007--Introduced. Community College Partnership Act of 2007 - Amends the Higher Education Act of 1965 to establish a Community College Opportunity program to help students at community or technical colleges transfer to four-year institutions and complete bachelor's degrees. Directs the Secretary of Education to award program grants to eligible partnerships that include one or more community or technical colleges that award associate's degrees, one or more institutions of higher education (IHEs) that offer a baccalaureate or postbaccalaureate degree not awarded by the partner colleges, and a state agency overseeing or coordinating IHEs. Requires such grants to be used for: (1) the development of policies and programs that expand opportunities for community or technical college students to earn bachelor's degrees, including those that promote the transfer of academic [...] show full description
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Also tagged in: Academic performance, Access to health care, Aged, AIDS (Disease), Americans in foreign countries, Budgets, Charities, Child health, Children, Church and social problems, Citizen participation, Colleges, Communications, Community and school, Community organization, Compensatory education, Conferences, Congress, Congressional reporting requirements, Data banks, Depressed areas, Developing countries, Disaster relief, Dropouts, Economic policy, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Educational accountability, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Emergency management, Energy, Energy conservation, Energy efficiency, Entrepreneurs, Environmental protection, Executive departments, Families, Federal advisory bodies, Federal aid to education, Federal aid to Indians, Food, Foreign aid, Foreign policy, Government and business, Government information, Government paperwork, Government publicity, Governmental investigations, Grandparents, Grants-in-aid, Health education, Health policy, Higher education, Home repair and improvement, Housing, Human immunodeficiency viruses, Hunger, Indians, Information technology, International affairs, Job hunting, Job training, Labor, Low-income housing, Malaria, Malnutrition, Medical care, Medically uninsured, Medicine, Minorities, National parks, National service, Natural resources, Nonprofit organizations, Older workers, Parks, Personal budgets, Politics and government, Potable water, Poverty, Preventive medicine, Public lands, Public-private partnerships, Recycling of waste products, Refuse and refuse disposal, Religion, Rivers, Scholarships, Secondary education, Service learning, Social services, Solid wastes, Sports, State and local government, State parks, Sustainable development, Technical assistance, Technology, Telecommunication, Trails, Translating and interpreting, Tuberculosis, Veterans, Veterans' benefits, Veterans' employment, Volunteer workers, Wages, Water pollution, Water pollution control, Water resources, Welfare, Women, Women's education, Women's employment
Latest Action: 09/12/2008 - Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (text of measure as introduced: CR S8482-8498) Bill TextA bill to amend the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to expand and improve opportunities for service, and for other purposes. 9/12/2008--Introduced. Serve America Act - Amends the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to create two new service-learning programs: (1) a Youth Engagement Zones to Strengthen Communities program, providing competitive grants to partnerships between local educational agencies that serve high-need, low-income communities and certain community-based or state entities to engage students and out-of-school youth in service-learning addressing specific challenges faced by their communities; and (2) a Campus of Service program, which annually grants up to 30 institutions of higher education (IHEs) with exemplary service-learning programs the funds to assist their students' pursuit of public service careers, and the right to nominate additional individuals for ServeAmerica Fellowships. Directs the Corporation for National and Community [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Academic performance, Business, California, Citizenship education, Colleges, Commemorations, Community and school, Compensatory education, Congressional tributes, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Executive departments, Football, Higher education, Louisiana, Professional associations, Public-private partnerships, Secondary education, Sports, Urban affairs, Urban education, Welfare
Latest Action: 09/26/2008 - Considered by unanimous consent. (consideration: CR H10116) Bill TextAcknowledging the accomplishments and goals of the Youth Impact Program. 8/1/2008--Introduced. Congratulates Mr. Riki Ellison for his leadership and vision in founding the Youth Impact Program (which provides at-risk young men in the inner cities with football training and mentoring designed to improve their academic performance and character). Recognizes the contributions of the National Football League, the University of Southern California, and Tulane University to the Youth Impact program. Encourages the expansion of the Youth Impact Program to inner cities across the nation.
Also tagged in: Budgets, Business, Children, Communications, Congress, Congressional reporting requirements, Education, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Employee training, Evaluation research (Social action programs), Executive departments, Government information, Government paperwork, Grants-in-aid, Job training, Labor, National service, Nonprofit organizations, Public service advertising, Public-private partnerships, Recruiting of employees, Secondary education, Social services, Volunteer workers, Youth services
Latest Action: 06/26/2008 - Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Bill TextA bill to develop capacity and infrastructure for mentoring programs. 6/26/2008--Introduced. Mentoring for All Act of 2008 - Amends the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to direct the Corporation for National and Community Service to award competitive, matching, three-year grants to nonpartisan, collaborative, public-private partnerships at the state and local level for efforts to grow and strengthen direct-service youth mentoring programs in all forms and settings in their service areas. Requires partnership grantees to use at least 80% of their grant for competitive subgrants to mentoring programs: (1) operated by or being created by, nonprofit organizations, schools, or local governments; or (2) operated by local collaboratives that each include at least two experienced youth mentoring organizations and at least one entity that provides volunteer mentors. Allows partnership grantees to give subgrant priority to collaboratives. Requires each partnership [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Authorization, Budgets, Children, Civil rights, Community-based corrections, Crime prevention, Criminal justice, Criminal statistics, Discrimination in criminal justice administration, Dropouts, Drug abuse, Drug abuse treatment, Drugs and youth, Education, Elementary and secondary education, Employee training, Federal aid to law enforcement, Juvenile delinquency, Medical care, Medical screening, Medicine, Mental health services, Prison alternatives, Prisoners, Recruiting of employees, Rehabilitation of criminals, Runaway children
Latest Action: 09/18/2008 - Committee on the Judiciary. Reported by Senator Leahy with an amendment in the nature of a substitute. With written report No. 110-472. Additional and Minority views filed. Bill TextA bill to reauthorize and improve the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, and for other purposes. 6/18/2008--Introduced. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2008 - Amends the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (Act) to reauthorize through FY2013 the juvenile delinquency prevention programs of such Act. Requires the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (Office) to include in the annual report of the Office information on juveniles held in state and local secure detention and correctional facilities, the treatment of status offenders (e.g., runaways, truants), and evidence based programs for juvenile delinquency prevention. Expands requirements for state plans under the Act to require: (1) statewide compliance with the core requirement of the Act for protection of incarcerated juveniles; (2) alternatives to detention for juveniles who are status or first-time [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Academic performance, College entrance requirements, Dropouts, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Educational accountability, Educational counseling, Educational planning, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Federal aid to education, Higher education, National service, Nonprofit organizations, Public contracts, Scholarships, Secondary education, Service learning, Social services, Student aid, Student loan funds, Welfare
Latest Action: 05/15/2008 - Sponsor introductory remarks on measure. (CR S4284-4285) Bill TextA bill to amend the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to establish a program to provide college coaches to low- and middle-income high-achieving high school students. 5/15/2008--Introduced. Coaching Our Adolescents for College Heights Act or the COACH Act - Amends the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to direct the Corporation for National and Community Service to award a contract to a nonprofit organization to establish a seven-year pilot program under which recent college graduates commit to two terms of service as coaches to high-achieving, low- or middle-income high school students in exchange for national service awards for each term of service. Requires such coaches, which are to total 100 and operate in no more than five school districts, to: (1) build a strong college-going culture for all students in high schools with historically low college attendance rates; and (2) provide limited cohorts of high-achieving, low- or middle-income students [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Access to health care, Alaska, Asian American ethnic groups, Blacks, Boundaries, Budgets, Child health, Children, Clinical trials, Clinics, College administration, Commemorations, Communications, Community health services, Congressional reporting requirements, Diabetes, Diet, Education, Environmental health, Environmental protection, Epidemiology, Exercise, Federal aid to education, Federal aid to research, Food, Genetic research, Health counseling, Health education, Health policy, Health promotion, Health surveys, Higher education, Hispanic Americans, Hospital administration, Indian education, Indian medical care, Indians, Indigenous peoples, Laboratories, Latin America, Medical care, Medical education, Medical laboratories, Medical personnel, Medical research, Medical supplies, Medicine, Mexico, Minorities, Minorities in medicine, Minority children, Minority health, Nursing homes, Nutrition, Obesity, Pacific Islanders, Pregnancy, Pregnant women, Preventive medicine, Public health personnel, Public service advertising, Quality of care, Research grants, Scholarships, School administration, Science policy, Special days, Special weeks, Sports, Student loan funds, Teachers, Women, Women's health
Latest Action: 05/06/2008 - Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Bill TextA bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to prevent and cure diabetes and to promote and improve the care of individuals with diabetes for the reduction of health disparities within racial and ethnic minority groups, including the African-American, Hispanic American, Asian American and Pacific Islander, and American Indian and Alaskan Native communities. 5/6/2008--Introduced. Diabetes Prevention Access and Care Act of 2008 - Amends the Public Health Service Act to require the Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to: (1) conduct, coordinate, and support research and other activities with respect to pre-diabetes and diabetes in minority populations; and (2) conduct and support programs to treat diabetes in minority populations.Requires the Director of NIH, through the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities, to provide for: (1) health care professionals' mentoring; and (2) minority health professionals' participation in diabetes-focused [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Agriculture, Air pollution, Asthma, Budgets, Business, Career education, Climate change, Curricula, Education, Education of the disadvantaged, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Environmental education, Environmental justice, Environmental protection, Federal aid to education, Food, Hazardous substances, Hazardous waste sites, Hazardous wastes, Landfills, Lead poisoning, Medical care, Medicine, Natural resources, Organic farming, Paints and varnishes, Pollution, Public-private partnerships, Secondary education, Service learning, Solid wastes, Sustainable agriculture, Urban affairs, Urban education, Welfare
Latest Action: 04/24/2008 - Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. Bill TextTo enhance environmental justice education in middle and high schools that serve disadvantaged students. 4/24/2008--Introduced. Getting Youth Re-invested in Environmental Education Now Act, or the GREEN Act - Directs the Secretary of Education to award competitive grants to states and local educational agencies for the development of environmental justice curricula and co-op programs for middle and high school students at schools: (1) receiving school improvement funds under part A of title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; and (2) located in urban communities that may be disproportionately affected by climate change, pollution, and other environmental issues. Requires co-op programs to: (1) link students with career opportunities in the environmental field; (2) allow students to earn course or service learning credits during the summer through experiential learning; and (3) provide students with mentors to assist them in building the skills necessary [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Budgets, Child development, Child welfare, Children, Compensatory education, Counseling, Education, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Federal aid to education, Federally-guaranteed loans, Government lending, Higher education, Secondary education, Sex education, Sexual abstinence, Social services, Student loan funds, Teacher education, Teenage pregnancy, Women
Latest Action: 04/16/2008 - Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. Bill TextTo amend title V of the Social Security Act to provide grants for school-based mentoring programs for at risk teenage girls to prevent and reduce teen pregnancy, and to provide student loan forgiveness for mentors participating in such programs. 4/15/2008--Introduced. Mentor-Mentee Teen Pregnancy Reduction Act of 2008 - Amends title V (Maternal and Child Health Services) of the Social Security Act to direct the Secretary of Health and Human Services to award competitive grants to local educational agencies or community-based organizations for the creation of school-based programs that provide mentoring to at-risk teenage girls to prevent and reduce teen pregnancy. Requires program mentors to be women who: (1) have received at least a baccalaureate degree from an institution of higher education; (2) are mentoring no more than two program mentees; and (3) are trained and screened to encourage mentees to engage in responsible, goal-orientated behavior, delay their sexual [...] show full description
Latest Action: 03/31/2008 - Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. Bill TextTo amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow a nonrefundable credit for mentoring and housing young adults. 3/31/2008--Introduced. Amends the Internal Revenue Code to allow a tax credit to individuals who provide mentoring services to young adults between the ages of 18 and 22. Requires such individuals to participate in a one-on-one relationship as a positive role model with such young adults and to conduct meetings and activities with them on not less than a monthly basis.
Also tagged in: Budgets, Children, Church and social problems, Civil rights, Counseling, Crime prevention, Criminal justice, Education, Elementary and secondary education, Elementary education, Federal aid to education, Federal aid to law enforcement, Nonprofit organizations, Nonviolence, Religion, Secondary education, Social services, Youth violence
Latest Action: 03/13/2008 - Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. Bill TextTo authorize the Attorney General to award grants to eligible entities to prevent or alleviate community violence by providing education, mentoring, and counseling services to children, adolescents, teachers, families, and community leaders on the principles and practice of nonviolence. 3/13/2008--Introduced. Securing American Families by Educating and Training Youth (SAFETY) Through Nonviolence Act of 2008 - Authorizes the Attorney General to award grants to state or local governments, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and faith-based entities to prevent or alleviate the effects of community violence by educating, mentoring, and counseling youth regarding the principles and application of nonviolence in conflict resolution. Gives grant priority to applicants that agree to use the funds in communities experiencing an increase in violence, but lacking the resources to address violence prevention.
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