Top Legislation - View All
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Administrative procedure, Americans in foreign countries, Appellate courts, Appellate procedure, Biological warfare, Business, Chemical warfare, Congress, Congress and foreign policy, Congressional oversight, Congressional reporting requirements, Court records, Courts of special jurisdiction, Criminal investigation, Criminal justice, Department of Justice, Director of National Intelligence, Electronic surveillance, Emergency management, Executive departments, Federal preemption, Foreign agents, Foreign policy, Government information, Government paperwork, Governmental investigations, Inspectors general, Intelligence activities, Internet, Judges, Judicial review, Jurisdiction, Law, Liability (Law), Nuclear nonproliferation, Nuclear terrorism, Nuclear weapons, Politics and government, Searches and seizures, Security clearances, State and local government, Supreme Court, Technology, Telecommunication, Telecommunication industry, Terrorism, Warrants (Law), Weapons of mass destruction, Weapons systems
Latest Action: 07/10/2008 - Signed by President. Bill TextTo amend the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to establish a procedure for authorizing certain acquisitions of foreign intelligence, and for other purposes. 6/19/2008--Introduced. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 or FISA Amendments Act of 2008 - Amends the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to authorize the Attorney General (AG) and Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to jointly authorize the targeting (electronic surveillance) of persons located outside the United States in order to acquire foreign intelligence information, subject to specified requirements, including: (1) prior certification to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (Court); and (2) certain targeting and minimization procedures. Authorizes: (1) the AG and DNI to direct an electronic communication service provider (provider) to provide the government with all necessary assistance to accomplish the acquisition of information [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Child health, Children, Education, Employee health benefits, Finance, Health insurance, Health insurance continuation, Health policy, Higher education, Labor, Law, Leave of absence, Medical care, Medicine, Physicians, Sick leave, Students
Latest Action: 07/16/2008 - Committee Consideration and Mark-up Session Held. Bill TextTo amend the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, the Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to ensure that dependent students who take a medically necessary leave of absence do not lose health insurance coverage, and for other purposes. 6/25/2007--Introduced. Michelle's Law - Amends the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act, and the Internal Revenue Code to prohibit a group health plan from terminating coverage of a dependent child due to a medically necessary leave of absence from a postsecondary education institution or any other change in enrollment at that institution that commences while such child is suffering from a severe illness or injury and causes such child to lose full-time student status before that earlier of: (1) one year after the first day of the medically necessary leave of absence; or (2) the date on which such coverage would otherwise terminate under the terms of the [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Civil liberties, Congress, Congressional reporting requirements, Criminal investigation, Criminal justice, Emergency management, Foreign agents, Foreign policy, Injunctions, Intelligence activities, Judicial review, Law, Politics and government, Right of privacy, Subpoena, Sunset legislation
Latest Action: 06/24/2008 - Forwarded by Subcommittee to Full Committee by the Yeas and Nays: 7 - 3 . Bill TextTo establish reasonable procedural protections for the use of national security letters, and for other purposes. 7/26/2007--Introduced. National Security Letters Reform Act of 2007 - Prohibits a national security letter (letter) (a request for information sought by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in connection with a criminal investigation) from being issued unless the issuing official certifies specific facts providing reason to believe that the information or records sought pertain to a foreign power or agent thereof. Prohibits a letter from being issued in connection with an investigation of a U.S. person solely upon the basis of activities protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Prohibits: (1) a letter from containing unreasonable requirements or requiring privileged matter; or (2) disclosing to a person that the FBI has sought or obtained access to information under a letter for 30 days after receipt of the FBI's request for such information.[...] show full description
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Administrative remedies, Business, Cigarettes, Communications, Drug abuse, Executive departments, Fines (Penalties), Injunctions, Law, Mail-order business, Postal service, Smokeless tobacco, Tobacco, United States Postal Service
Latest Action: 06/12/2008 - Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Oversight and Government. H. Rept. 110-711. Bill TextTo amend title 39, United States Code, to make cigarettes and certain other tobacco products nonmailable, and for other purposes. 4/29/2008--Introduced. Amends federal postal law to make cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and roll-your-own-tobacco nonmailable. Requires tobacco products attempted to be mailed to be disposed of as the Postal Service directs. Provides a civil penalty for each mailing violation. Authorizes the Postal Service, on evidence satisfactory to the Postal Service that any person is, for commercial or moneymaking purposes, engaged in the sending of such matter, to: (1) refuse to accept any mailing from that person or his representative unless the person or his representative establishes to the satisfaction of the postmaster that the mailing does not contain such matter; and (2) order the person to cease and desist from mailing such matter. Authorizes civil actions by states to: (1) enjoin mailings to residents of that state; and [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Administrative procedure, Armed forces, Defense policy, Department of Veterans Affairs, Diabetes, Disabled, Ex-prisoners of war, Executive departments, Families, Law, Medical care, Medical research, Medicine, Osteoporosis, Pensions, Science policy, Survivors' benefits, Veterans, Veterans' disability compensation, Veterans' medical care
Latest Action: 06/12/2008 - Subcommittee Hearings Held. Bill TextTo amend title 38, United States Code, to provide improved benefits for veterans who are former prisoners of war. 2/27/2007--Introduced. Prisoner of War Benefits Act of 2007 - Amends Federal veterans' benefits provisions with respect to former prisoners of war (POW) to repeal the currently required 30-day minimum period of internment prior to the presumption of service connection for certain listed diseases, for purposes of the payment of veterans' disability compensation. Adds the following diseases to the above listed diseases diabetes (type 2) and osteoporosis. Requires: (1) such presumption also with respect to any disease that the Secretary of Veterans Affairs determines warrants such presumption by reason of having a positive association with the experience of being a prisoner of war; and (2) the Secretary to make such a determination within 60 days after a recommendation from the Advisory Committee on Former Prisoners of War that such presumption be established for a non-listed [...] show full description
Also tagged in: AIDS (Disease), Animals, Blood diseases, Brain diseases, Breast cancer, Cancer, Cardiovascular diseases, Colon cancer, Communicable diseases, Digestive diseases, Diphtheria, Emergency management, Emergency medicine, Families, Federal employees, Fire fighters, Government employees, Hazardous substances, Hepatitis, Human immunodeficiency viruses, Kidney diseases, Labor, Law, Leukemia, Liver diseases, Lung cancer, Lung diseases, Medical care, Medical personnel, Medicine, Paramedical personnel, Pensions, Prostate cancer, Rabies, Rescue work, Skin cancer, Survivors' benefits, Tuberculosis, Women, Workers' compensation
Latest Action: 06/25/2008 - Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Ordered to be reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute favorably. Bill TextA bill to amend chapter 81 of title 5, United States Code, to create a presumption that a disability or death of a Federal employee in fire protection activities caused by any of certain diseases is the result of the performance of such employee's duty. 8/1/2007--Introduced. Federal Firefighters Fairness Act of 2007 - Amends federal law to provide that, in the case of an employee in fire protection activities: (1) heart disease, lung disease, specified cancers and infectious diseases shall be presumed to be proximately caused by the employee's employment; (2) the disability or death of an employee in fire protection activities due to such a disease shall be presumed to result from personal injury sustained while in the performance of such employee's duty; and (3) such presumptions may be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence.
Also tagged in: Congress, Congressional reporting requirements, Department of Veterans Affairs, Disability evaluation, Disabled, Employee training, Executive departments, Federal employees, Government employees, Iraq compilation, Job training, Law, Medical care, Medical records, Medicine, Mental health services, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Standards, Veterans, Veterans' disability compensation, Veterans' medical care
Latest Action: 06/12/2008 - Subcommittee Hearings Held. Bill TextTo amend title 38, United States Code, to improve the disability compensation evaluation procedure of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and for other purposes. 2/14/2008--Introduced. Full Faith in Veterans Act of 2008 - Directs the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to accept as sufficient proof of service-connection of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) alleged to have been incurred in or aggravated by active military service a diagnosis of PTSD by a mental health professional, together with a written determination that such disorder is related to the veteran's service, if consistent with the circumstances, conditions, or hardships of such service, notwithstanding that there is no official record of such incurrence or aggravation during such service. Requires the Secretary to resolve every reasonable doubt in favor [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Administrative fees, Bribery, Budgets, Campaign funds, Charter airlines, Conflict of interests, Congress, Congressional agencies, Congressional committee membership, Congressional committees (House), Congressional elections, Congressional employees, Congressional ethics, Congressional investigations, Congressional officers, Congressional publicity, Congressional Record, Congressional reorganization, Congressional reporting requirements, Congressional travel, Corruption in politics, Criminal justice, Criminal justice information, Data banks, Election candidates, Elections, Electronic data interchange, Electronic government information, Employee training, Ex-Members of Congress, Families, Financial disclosure, Fines (Penalties), Gifts, Government employees, Government information, Government paperwork, House of Representatives, House rules and procedure, House Standards of Official Conduct, Job training, Judges, Law, Licenses, Lobbying, Married people, Members of Congress, Misconduct in office, Political action committees, Political conventions, Politics and government, Presidential elections, Presidents, Private aviation, Senate rules and procedure, Technology, Telecommunication, Transportation, Travel costs, Valuation
Latest Action: 02/02/2007 - Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. Bill TextTo amend the Rules of the House of Representatives to reform the ethics process, and for other purposes. 1/4/2007--Introduced. Accountability and Transparency in Ethics Act - Establishes an independent Investigations Commission within the legislative branch. Requires annual ethics training for Members and employees of the House of Representatives and for registered lobbyists. Amends Rule XXV (Limitations on Outside Earned Income and Acceptance of Gifts) of the Rules of the House to require advance authorization by the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct of any privately-funded trip by any Member, officer, or employee of the House. Amends such Rule and Rule XXXV (Gifts) of the Standing Rules of the Senate with respect to: (1) the market value of a flight on an airplane not licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to operate for compensation or hire; (2) a ban on gifts worth less than $50; and (3) disbursements for a national party convention [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Administration of justice, Africa (Sub-Saharan), Armed forces, Central African Republic, Chad, Civil liberties, Corrections, Criminal justice, Defense policy, Democracy, Displaced persons, Foreign aid, Foreign policy, Human rights, Immigration, Insurgency, International affairs, International cooperation, International law, International military forces, International relief, Law, Logistics, Military assistance, Peace negotiations, Peace treaties, Police, Political participation, Politics and government, President and foreign policy, Presidents, Refugees, Right of asylum, Right to travel, Security measures, Sudan, United Nations, United Nations officials, Violence
Latest Action: 04/11/2007 - Measure laid before Senate by unanimous consent. (consideration: CR S4385-4386) Bill TextA resolution calling on the United States Government and the international community to promptly develop, fund, and implement a comprehensive regional strategy in Africa to protect civilians, facilitate humanitarian operations, contain and reduce violence, and contribute to conditions for sustainable peace in eastern Chad, northern Central African Republic, and Darfur, Sudan. 4/11/2007--Passed Senate amended. (There are 2 other summaries) Expresses concern for the more than one million citizens of Sudan, Chad, and the Central African Republic who have been affected by violence and instability. Calls upon the governments of Chad and Sudan to: (1) reaffirm their commitment to the Tripoli Declaration of February 8, 2006, and the N'Djamena Agreement of July 26, 2006; (2) refrain from any actions that violate these agreements; and (3) cease all support to each others' insurgent groups. Urges the government of Chad to: (1) improve accountability [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Congress, Congressional employees, Congressional legal counsel, Congressional privileges and immunities, Criminal justice, Government employees, Law, Members of Congress, Prosecution, Senate, Witnesses
Latest Action: 02/13/2007 - Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (consideration: CR S1926-1927 text as passed Senate: CR S1927 text of measure as introduced: CR S1923) Bill TextA resolution to authorize testimony, document production, and legal representation in State of Oregon v. Rebecca Michelson, Michele Darr, and Vernon Huffman 2/13/2007--Passed Senate without amendment. (There is 1 other summary) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Authorizes: (1) Kellie Lute and other employees of Senator Gordon Smith's office to testify and produce documents in State of Oregon v. Rebecca Michelson, Michele Darr, and Vernon Huffman, except concerning matters for which a privilege should be asserted; and (2) the Senate Legal Counsel to represent Kellie Lute and such other employees in those cases.
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Latest Legislation - View All
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Administrative procedure, Americans in foreign countries, Appellate courts, Appellate procedure, Biological warfare, Business, Chemical warfare, Congress, Congress and foreign policy, Congressional oversight, Congressional reporting requirements, Court records, Courts of special jurisdiction, Criminal investigation, Criminal justice, Department of Justice, Director of National Intelligence, Electronic surveillance, Emergency management, Executive departments, Federal preemption, Foreign agents, Foreign policy, Government information, Government paperwork, Governmental investigations, Inspectors general, Intelligence activities, Internet, Judges, Judicial review, Jurisdiction, Law, Liability (Law), Nuclear nonproliferation, Nuclear terrorism, Nuclear weapons, Politics and government, Searches and seizures, Security clearances, State and local government, Supreme Court, Technology, Telecommunication, Telecommunication industry, Terrorism, Warrants (Law), Weapons of mass destruction, Weapons systems
Latest Action: 07/10/2008 - Signed by President. Bill TextTo amend the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to establish a procedure for authorizing certain acquisitions of foreign intelligence, and for other purposes. 6/19/2008--Introduced. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 or FISA Amendments Act of 2008 - Amends the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to authorize the Attorney General (AG) and Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to jointly authorize the targeting (electronic surveillance) of persons located outside the United States in order to acquire foreign intelligence information, subject to specified requirements, including: (1) prior certification to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (Court); and (2) certain targeting and minimization procedures. Authorizes: (1) the AG and DNI to direct an electronic communication service provider (provider) to provide the government with all necessary assistance to accomplish the acquisition of information [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Armed forces, Armed forces abroad, Children, Custody of children, Defense policy, Families, Iraq compilation, Law, Military dependents, Military operations, Military personnel
Latest Action: 05/21/2008 - Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Bill TextTo amend the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to provide for the protection of child custody arrangements for parents who are members of the Armed Forces deployed in support of a contingency operation. 5/20/2008--Passed House without amendment. (There is 1 other summary) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Amends the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to provide for the protection of child custody arrangements for parents who are members deployed in support of a contingency operation. States that if a motion for change of custody of a child of such a member is filed while the member is so deployed, no court may enter an order modifying or amending a previous child custody judgment, except if there is clear and convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the child. Prohibits any court from considering a member's absence due to deployment, or possible deployment,[...] show full description
Latest Action: 04/29/2008 - Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (consideration: CR S3461-5362; text as passed Senate: CR S3462; text of measure as introduced: CR S3514) Bill TextA resolution to authorize testimony and legal representation in State of Maine v. Douglas Rawlings, Jonathan Kreps, James Freeman, Henry Braun, Robert Shetterly, and Dudley Hendrick. 4/29/2008--Passed Senate without amendment. (There is 1 other summary) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Authorizes: (1) Carol Woodcock to testify in the cases of State of Maine v. Douglas Rawlings, Jonathan Kreps, James Freeman, Henry Braun, Robert Shetterly, and Dudley Hendrick, except concerning matters for which a privilege should be asserted; and (2) the Senate Legal Counsel to represent Carol Woodcock, and any other employee of the Senator from whom evidence may be sought in such cases.
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Administrative remedies, Business, Cigarettes, Communications, Drug abuse, Executive departments, Fines (Penalties), Injunctions, Law, Mail-order business, Postal service, Smokeless tobacco, Tobacco, United States Postal Service
Latest Action: 06/12/2008 - Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Oversight and Government. H. Rept. 110-711. Bill TextTo amend title 39, United States Code, to make cigarettes and certain other tobacco products nonmailable, and for other purposes. 4/29/2008--Introduced. Amends federal postal law to make cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and roll-your-own-tobacco nonmailable. Requires tobacco products attempted to be mailed to be disposed of as the Postal Service directs. Provides a civil penalty for each mailing violation. Authorizes the Postal Service, on evidence satisfactory to the Postal Service that any person is, for commercial or moneymaking purposes, engaged in the sending of such matter, to: (1) refuse to accept any mailing from that person or his representative unless the person or his representative establishes to the satisfaction of the postmaster that the mailing does not contain such matter; and (2) order the person to cease and desist from mailing such matter. Authorizes civil actions by states to: (1) enjoin mailings to residents of that state; and [...] show full description
Latest Action: 04/14/2008 - Read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance. Bill TextA bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to modify the penalty on the understatement of taxpayer's liability by tax return preparers. 4/14/2008--Introduced. Amends the Internal Revenue Code to modify the standards for imposing penalties on tax return preparers for understatements of tax to require: (1) substantial authority for a position with respect to an item on a tax return if such position was not disclosed with the return; and (2) a reasonable basis for a position which was disclosed with the return. Requires tax return preparers to have a reasonable belief that a position with respect to a tax shelter or a reportable transaction (a transaction having a potential for tax avoidance or evasion) will more likely than not be sustained on its merits.
Also tagged in: Congress, Congressional reporting requirements, Department of Veterans Affairs, Disability evaluation, Disabled, Employee training, Executive departments, Federal employees, Government employees, Iraq compilation, Job training, Law, Medical care, Medical records, Medicine, Mental health services, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Standards, Veterans, Veterans' disability compensation, Veterans' medical care
Latest Action: 06/12/2008 - Subcommittee Hearings Held. Bill TextTo amend title 38, United States Code, to improve the disability compensation evaluation procedure of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and for other purposes. 2/14/2008--Introduced. Full Faith in Veterans Act of 2008 - Directs the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to accept as sufficient proof of service-connection of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) alleged to have been incurred in or aggravated by active military service a diagnosis of PTSD by a mental health professional, together with a written determination that such disorder is related to the veteran's service, if consistent with the circumstances, conditions, or hardships of such service, notwithstanding that there is no official record of such incurrence or aggravation during such service. Requires the Secretary to resolve every reasonable doubt in favor [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Actions and defenses, Business, Campaign funds, Class actions (Civil procedure), Competitive bidding, Conflict of interests, Congress, Congressional investigations, Congressional reporting requirements, Elections, Finance, Frivolous lawsuits, Law, Lawyers, Legal advertising and soliciting, Legal ethics, Legal fees, Political action committees, Politics and government, Securities fraud, Securities industry
Latest Action: 03/25/2008 - Referred to the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance and Government Sponsored Enterprises. Bill TextTo protect investors by fostering transparency and accountability of attorneys in private securities litigation. 2/14/2008--Introduced. Securities Litigation Attorney Accountability and Transparency Act - Amends the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Securities Act of 1933 to state that, in any private action in which the court enters a final judgment against plaintiff on the basis of a motion to dismiss, motion for summary judgment, or a trial on the merits, the court shall, upon defendant's motion, determine whether: (1) the position of the plaintiff was not substantially justified; (2) imposition of fees and expenses on the plaintiff's attorney would be just; and (3) the cost of such fees and expenses to the defendant is substantially burdensome or unjust. Requires the court to award the defendant reasonable fees and other expenses, and impose such fees and expenses on the plaintiff's attorney, if the court makes positive determinations in such a case. Places [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Appellate courts, Appellate procedure, Armed forces, Civil procedure, Classified defense information, Congress, Congressional reporting requirements, Defense policy, Government information, Intelligence activities, Jurisdiction, Law, National security, Parties to actions, Security clearances
Latest Action: 04/24/2008 - Committee on the Judiciary. Date of scheduled consideration. SD-226. 10:00 a.m. Bill TextA bill to enact a safe, fair, and responsible state secrets privilege Act. 1/22/2008--Introduced. State Secrets Protection Act - Amends the federal judicial code to: (1) require a federal court to determine which filings, motions, and affidavits (or portions) submitted under this Act shall be submitted exparte; (2) allow a federal court to order a party to provide a redacted, unclassified, or summary substitute of a filing, motion, or affidavit to other parties; and (3) require a federal court to make decisions under this Act, taking into consideration the interests of justice and national security. Requires any hearing under this Act to be conducted in camera. Prohibits an in camera hearing, however, based on the assertion of the state secrets privilege, if the court determines that the hearing relates only to a question of law and does not present a risk of revealing state secrets. Allows a federal court to conduct hearings (or portions) ex parte if the court [...] show full description
Also tagged in: Administrative procedure, Armed forces, Charities, Courts-martial and courts of inquiry, Criminal justice, Defense policy, Department of Defense, Detention of persons, Executive departments, Intelligence activities, Law, Military intelligence, Military law, Nongovernmental organizations, Police questioning, Prisoners of war, Prisoners' rights, Social services, Standards, Technology, Torture, Video tape recording
Latest Action: 12/13/2007 - Referred to the Committee on Armed Services, and in addition to the Committee on Intelligence (Permanent Select), for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction Bill TextTo require the videotaping of strategic interrogations and certain other interactions between detainees and members of the Armed Forces, intelligence operatives, and contractors, and for other purposes. 12/13/2007--Introduced. Detainee Interrogation Recording Act of 2007 - Requires the President to take such actions as are necessary, in accordance with specified laws and treaties, to ensure the videotaping of each strategic interrogation and other pertinent interaction between detainees or prisoners under the effective control of the U.S. and members of the Armed Forces, U.S. intelligence operatives, or U.S. contractors. Directs the President to provide for the appropriate classification of videotapes or recordings made under that requirement. Requires such videotapes to be made available, under seal if appropriate, to both prosecution and defense attorneys to the extent that they are material to any military or civilian criminal proceeding. Defines strategic interrogation [...] show full description
Latest Action: 02/28/2008 - Received in the House. Bill TextA bill to amend the Federal Rules of Evidence to address the waiver of the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. 2/27/2008--Passed Senate without amendment. (There are 2 other summaries) (This measure has not been amended since it was introduced. The summary of that version is repeated here.) Amends the Federal Rules of Evidence with respect to the disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege and work product protection. Provides that, when such a disclosure is made in a federal proceeding or to a federal office or agency, and waives the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection, the waiver extends to an undisclosed communication or information in a federal or state proceeding only if: (1) the waiver is intentional; (2) the disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the same subject matter; and (3) they ought in fairness to be considered [...] show full description
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